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Sintra ((:ˈsĩtɾɐ)) is a town and a municipality in the ''Grande Lisboa'' subregion (Lisbon Region) of Portugal. The municipality contains two cities: Queluz and Agualva-Cacém. The population in 2011 was 377,835,〔(Instituto Nacional de Estatística )〕 in an area of .〔(Direção-Geral do Território )〕 Sintra is known for its many 19th-century Romantic architectural monuments, which has resulted in its classification as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Although its heritage in buildings and nature is the most visible face of the historic individuality of Sintra, a whole literary heritage has made the area a legendary reference in Portuguese culture. It has become a major tourist centre, visited by many day-trippers who travel from the centre and suburbs of the capital Lisbon. In addition to the Sintra Mountains and Sintra-Cascais Nature Park, the parishes of the town of Sintra are dotted with royal retreats, estates, castles and other buildings, including the mediaeval Castelo dos Mouros, the Pena National Palace and the Sintra National Palace. == History == It was in Penha Verde that the earliest remnants of human occupation were discovered: these vestiges testify to an occupation dating to the early Paleolithic. Comparable remnants were discovered in an open-air site in São Pedro de Canaferrim, alongside the chapel of the Castelo dos Mouros (''Moorish Castle''), dating back to the Neolithic, and include decorated ceramics and microlithic flint utensils from the fifth century B.C. Ceramic fragments found locally including many late Chalcolithic vases from the Sintra mountains suggest that between the fourth and third millennia B.C. the region (adjacent to the present village of Sintra) was occupied by a Neolithic/Chalcolithic settlement, with characteristics comparable to fortified settlements in Lisbon and Setúbal.〔 The evidence discovered in Quinta das Sequoias and São Pedro de Canaferrim contrasts dramatically with those remnants discovered in the walled town of Penha Verde and the funerary monument of Bella Vista.〔 Traces of several Bronze Age remains were also discovered in many places in the Sintra Mountains, including alongside the town, in the Monte do Sereno area, and a late Bronze Age settlement within the Moorish Castle dating to the 9th-6th century B.C. The most famous object from this period is the so-called Sintra Collar, a middle Bonze Age gold neck-ring found near the city at the end of the nineteenth century, which since 1900 has been part of the British Museum's collection. Relatively close by, in Santa Eufémia da Serra, is an Iron Age settlement where artifacts from indigenous tribes and peoples of Mediterranean origins (principally from the Punic period) were also discovered.〔 These date from the early 4th century, prior to the Romanization of the peninsula, which in the area of Foz do Tejo took place in the middle of the 2nd century B.C.〔 Close proximity to a large commercial centre (Olisipo) founded by Turduli tribes in the first half of the first millennium A.D., meant that the region of Sintra was influenced by human settlement throughout various epochs, cultures that have left remains in the area to this day. The toponym ''Sintra'' derives from the medieval ''Suntria'', and points to an association with radical Indo-European cultures; the word translates into ''bright star'' or ''sun'', commonly significant in those cultures.〔 Marcus Terentius Varro and Cadizian Lucio Junio Moderato Columela designated the place ''the sacred mountain'' and Ptolemy referred to it as the ''mountains of the moon''.〔 During the Roman occupation of the peninsula, the region of Sintra was part of the vast ''Civitas Olisiponense'' which Caesar (around 49 B.C.) or more likely Octavius (around 30 B.C.) granted the status of ''Municipium Civium Romanorum''. The various residents of the region were considered part of the ''Roman Galeria'' and in the present village of Sintra there are Roman remains testifying to a Roman presence from the 1st-2nd century B.C. to the 5th century A.D. A roadway along the southeast part of the Sintra Mountains and connected to the main road to Olissipo dates from this period.〔 This ''via'' followed the route of the current ''Rua da Ferraria'', the ''Calçada dos Clérigos'' and the ''Calçada da Trindade''.〔 Following the Roman custom of siting tombs along their roads and near their homes, there is also evidence of inscriptions pertaining to Roman funeral monuments, dating mainly to the 2nd century. It was during the Moorish occupation of Sintra ((アラビア語:Xintara)) that Greco-Latin writers wrote of the explicit occupation of the area of the town centre. A description by the geographer Al-Bacr, described Sintra as ''"one of the towns that () dependent on Lisbon in Al-Andalus, in proximity to the sea"'', characterizing it as ''"permanently submersed in a fog that never dissipates"''.〔 During the Reconquista (around the 9th century), its principal centre and castle were isolated by Christian armies. Following the fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba, the King of Léon, Alfonso VI received in the spring of 1093, the cities of Santarém, Lisbon and the Castle of Sintra.〔 This followed a period of internal instability within the Muslim taifas of the peninsula, and in particular the decision by the King of Badajoz, Umar ibn Muhammad al-Mutawakkil who, after hesitating from 1090 to 1091, placed his territory under the suzerainty of Alfonso VI of the Almoravid. Afonso took the cities and the castle of Sintra between 30 April and 8 May 1093, but shortly after their transfer Sintra and Lisbon were conquered by the Almoravid.〔 Santarém was saved by Henry, who Afonso VI nominated Count of Portugal in 1096, to replace Raymond of Burgandy.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sintra」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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